Figure 1. Metabolism in yeast under aerobic and anaerobic conditions.

Figure 2. Conversion of galactose to glucose.

Figure 3. Examples of disaccharides.

Figure 4. Nonconventional sugars.

Figure 5. Biosynthesis of proteins with N-linked glycosylation. Enzyme names are shown in red; sugars and aminosugars are depicted in blue; and Mannose residues are shown in yellow. The protein with an asparagine residue is indicated in green.

Figure 6. Fatty acid utilization in yeast peroxisomes.

Figure 7. Metabolic pathways of glycerophospholipids in yeast. Green box: synthesis and activation of fatty acids; gray box: de novo pathway of phospholipid synthesis, synthesis of bulk membrane lipids; yellow box: phospholipid degradation and recycling of amino-alcohol head groups (salvage pathway); blue box: phospholipid remodeling, deacylation and reacylation of phospholipids (fatty acid specificity in sn-1 and sn-2 positions); pink box: phosphatidylinositol (PtdIns) phosphorylation, signaling and membrane vesicle fusion. Precursors and lipids: CDP-DAG, cytidine diphosphate-diacylglycerol; Cho, choline; Cho-CDP, cytidine diphosphate-choline; Cho-P, choline phosphate; CL, cardiolipin; DAG, diacylglycerol; DAG-PP, diacylglycerol pyrophosphate; Etn, ethanolamine; Etn-CDP, cytidine diphosphate-ethanolamine; Etn-P, ethanolamine phosphate; FFA, free fatty acid; Glc-6-P, glucose 6-phosphate; Gro-3-P, glycerol 3-phosphate; Ins, inositol; Ins-l-P, inositol-1-phosphate; PtdCho, phosphatidylcholine; PtdDMEtn, phosphatidyldimethylethanolamine; PtdEtn, phosphatidylethanolamine; PtdGro, phosphatidylglycerol; PtdGro-P, phosphatidylglycerol-phosphate; Ptdlns, phosphatidylinositol; PtdMMEtn, phosphatidylmonomethylethanolamine; PtdOH, phosphatidic acid; PtdSer, phosphatidylserine; TAG, triacylglycerol. Enzymes and genes (here in blue italics): Acc1p, acetyl-CoA carboxylase; Cct1p, cholinephosphate cytidylyltransferase; Cds1p, CDP-diacylglycerol synthase; Cho1p, phosphatidylserine synthase; Cho2p, phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase; Cki1p, choline kinase; Cpt1p, cholinephosphotransferase; Ctr1p, choline transporter; Ect1p, ethanolaminephosphate cytidylyltransferase; Ept1p, ethanolaminephosphotransferase; Faa1-4, acyl-CoA synthetases 1–4; Fas1,2, fatty acid synthase subunits; Gat1p, glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase; Ino1p, inositol-1 -phosphate synthase; Nmj1p, myristoyl-CoA protein N-myristoyltransferase; Ole1p, acyl-CoA desaturase; Opi3p, phospholipid-N-methyltransferase; Pap1p, phosphatidate phosphatase; Psi1p, phosphatidylinositol synthase; Plb1p, phospholipase B; Plc1p, Ptdlns-specific phospholipase C; Psd1,2p, phosphatidylserine decarboxylase; Pld1p/Spo14p, phospholipase D.(Modified from Kohlwein et al., 1996.)

Figure 8. Metabolism of inositol phosphatides as “second messengers.” PI, phosphatidylinositol; PIP, phosphatidylinositol phosphate. Kinase types are in parenthesis. The lipid part of phosphatidylinositol (left) is colored light brown.

Figure 9. Ceramides and inositolceramides in yeast.

Figure 10. Ergosterol and nomenclature of the carbon atoms in the sterane scaffold.

Figure 11. Scheme of amino acid biosynthesis in yeast.

Figure 12. Biosynthesis of aromatic amino acids.

Figure 13. Phosphate acquisition and storage system in yeast.