John Wiley & Sons Annual Plant Reviews Cover The plant hormone ethylene is one of the most important, being one of the first chemicals to be dete.. Product #: 978-1-4443-3003-8 Regular price: $195.33 $195.33 Auf Lager

Annual Plant Reviews

Volume 44: The Plant Hormone Ethylene

McManus, Michael T.

Annual Plant Reviews (Band Nr. 44)

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1. Auflage März 2012
416 Seiten, Hardcover
Wiley & Sons Ltd

ISBN: 978-1-4443-3003-8
John Wiley & Sons

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The plant hormone ethylene is one of the most important, being one of the first chemicals to be determined as a naturally-occurring growth regulator and influencer of plant development. It was also the first hormone for which significant evidence was found for the presence of receptors.

This important new volume in Annual Plant Reviews is broadly divided into three parts. The first part covers the biosynthesis of ethylene and includes chapters on S-adenosylmethionine and the formation and fate of ACC in plant cells. The second part of the volume covers ethylene signaling, including the perception of ethylene by plant cells, CTR proteins, MAP kinases and EIN2 / EIN3. The final part covers the control by ethylene of cell function and development, including seed development, germination, plant growth, cell separation, fruit ripening, senescent processes, and plant-pathogen interactions.

The Plant Hormone Ethylene is an extremely valuable addition to Wiley-Blackwell's Annual Plant Reviews. With contributions from many of the world's leading researchers in ethylene, and edited by Professor Michael McManus of Massey University, this volume will be of great use and interest to a wide range of plant scientists, biochemists and chemists. All universities and research establishments where plant sciences, biochemistry, chemistry, life sciences and agriculture are studied and taught should have access to this important volume.

List of Contributors xv

Preface xxiii

1 100 Years of Ethylene - A Personal View 1
Don Grierson

1.1 Introduction 1

1.2 Ethylene biosynthesis 2

1.3 Ethylene perception and signalling 7

1.4 Differential responses to ethylene 9

1.5 Ethylene and development 10

1.6 Looking ahead 13

Acknowledgements 14

References 14

2 Early Events in the Ethylene Biosynthetic Pathway - Regulation of the Pools of Methionine and S-Adenosylmethionine 19
Katharina B¨ urstenbinder and Margret Sauter

2.1 Introduction 20

2.2 The metabolism of Met and SAM 22

2.3 Regulation of de novo Met synthesis 25

2.4 Regulation of the SAM pool 27

2.5 The activated methyl cycle 30

2.6 The S-methylmethionine cycle 32

2.7 The methionine or Yang cycle 35

2.8 Conclusions 42

Acknowledgement 43

References 44

3 The Formation of ACC and Competition Between Polyamines and Ethylene for SAM 53
Smadar Harpaz-Saad, Gyeong Mee Yoon, Autar K. Mattoo, and Joseph J. Kieber

3.1 Introduction 53

3.2 Identification and characterization of ACC synthase activity in plants 54

3.3 Analysis of ACC synthase at the transcriptional level 58

3.4 Post-transcriptional regulation of ACS 62

3.5 Does ACC act as a signal? 65

3.6 Biosynthesis and physiology of polyamines 67

Acknowledgements 72

References 72

4 The Fate of ACC in Higher Plants 83
Sarah J. Dorling and Michael T. McManus

4.1 Introduction 83

4.2 History of the discovery of ACC oxidase as the ethylene-forming enzyme 84

4.3 Mechanism of the ACC oxidase-catalyzed reaction 86

4.4 Transcriptional regulation of ACC oxidase 92

4.5 Translational regulation of ACC oxidase 97

4.6 Evidence that ACC oxidase acts as a control point in ethylene biosynthesis 100

4.7 Evolutionary aspects of ACC oxidase 104

Acknowledgements 105

References 105

5 Perception of Ethylene by Plants - Ethylene Receptors 117
Brad M. Binder, Caren Chang and G. Eric Schaller

5.1 Historical overview 118

5.2 Subfamilies of ethylene receptors and their evolutionary history 120

5.3 Ethylene binding 123

5.4 Signal output from the receptors 126

5.5 Overlapping and non-overlapping roles for the receptor isoforms in controlling various phenotypes 128

5.6 Post-translational regulation of the receptors 131

5.7 Conclusions and model 135

Acknowledgements 137

References 138

6 Ethylene Signalling: the CTR1 Protein Kinase 147
Silin Zhong and Caren Chang

6.1 Introduction 148

6.2 Discovery of CTR1, a negative regulator of ethylene signal transduction 148

6.3 CTR1 Encodes a serine/threonine protein kinase 151

6.4 The CTR1 gene family 153

6.5 Regulation of CTR1 activity 156

6.6 Elusive targets of CTR1 signalling 161

6.7 CTR1 crosstalk and interactions with other signals 162

6.8 Conclusions 163

Acknowledgements 164

References 164

7 EIN2 and EIN3 in Ethylene Signalling 169
Young-Hee Cho, Sangho Lee and Sang-Dong Yoo

7.1 Introduction 169

7.2 Overview of ethylene signalling and EIN2 and EIN3 172

7.3 Genetic identification and biochemical regulation of EIN2 173

7.4 EIN3 regulation in ethylene signalling 174

7.5 Functions of ERF1 and other ERFs in ethylene signalling 181

7.6 Future directions 183

Acknowledgements 184

References 184

8 Ethylene in Seed Development, Dormancy and Germination 189
Renata Bogatek and Agnieszka Gniazdowska

8.1 Introduction 189

8.2 Ethylene in seed embryogenesis 192

8.3 Ethylene in seed dormancy and germination 194

8.4 Ethylene interactions with other plant hormones in the regulation of seed dormancy and germination 199

8.5 Ethylene interactions with ROS in the regulation of seed dormancy and germination 202

8.6 Ethylene interactions with other small gaseous signalling molecules (NO, HCN) in the regulation of seed dormancy and germination 204

8.7 Concluding remarks 207

Acknowledgements 209

References 209

9 The Role of Ethylene in Plant Growth and Development 219
Filip Vandenbussche and Dominique Van Der Straeten

9.1 Introduction 219

9.2 Design of root architecture 220

9.3 Regulation of hypocotyl growth 225

9.4 Shoot architecture and orientation: post-seedling growth 229

9.5 Floral transition 232

9.6 Determination of sexual forms of flowers 232

9.7 Ethylene effects on growth controlling mechanisms 233

9.8 Conclusions 234

Acknowledgements 234

References 234

10 Ethylene and Cell Separation Processes 243
Zinnia H. Gonzalez-Carranza and Jeremy A. Roberts

10.1 Introduction 243

10.2 Overview of the cell separation process 244

10.3 Transcription analyses during cell separation 258

10.4 Relationship between ethylene and other hormones in the regulation of cell separation 259

10.5 Ethylene and signalling systems during cell separation 261

10.6 Application of knowledge of abscission to crops of horticultural and agricultural importance 262

10.7 Conclusions and future perspectives 263

References 265

11 Ethylene and Fruit Ripening 275
Jean-Claude Pech, Eduardo Purgatto, Mondher Bouzayen and Alain Latche

11.1 Introduction 276

11.2 Regulation of ethylene production during ripening of climacteric fruit 276

11.3 Transcriptional control of ethylene biosynthesis genes 282

11.4 Role of ethylene in ripening of non-climacteric fruit 283

11.5 Manipulation of ethylene biosynthesis and ripening 284

11.6 Ethylene-dependent and -independent aspects of climacteric ripening 286

11.7 Ethylene perception and transduction effects in fruit ripening 288

11.8 Hormonal crosstalk in fruit ripening 292

11.9 Conclusions and future directions 295

Acknowledgements 296

References 296

12 Ethylene and Senescence Processes 305
Laura E. Graham, Jos H.M. Schippers, Paul P. Dijkwel and Carol Wagstaff

12.1 Introduction 306

12.2 Overview of ethylene-mediated senescence in different plant organs 306

12.3 Transcriptional regulation of ethylene-mediated senescence processes 314

12.4 Interaction of ethylene with other hormones in relation to senescence 323

12.5 The importance of ethylene-mediated senescence in post-harvest biology 325

12.6 Conclusions and future perspectives 329

References 329

13 Ethylene: Multi-Tasker in Plant-Attacker Interactions 343
Sjoerd Van der Ent and Corne M.J. Pieterse

13.1 Introduction 344

13.2 Hormones in plant defence signalling 346

13.3 Implications of ethylene in basal defence and disease susceptibility 348

13.4 Implications of ethylene in systemic immune responses 353

13.5 Ethylene modulates crosstalk among defence-signalling pathways 362

13.6 Concluding remarks 365

Acknowledgements 366

References 367

Index 379

First 8-page color plate section (between pages 168 and 169)

Second 8-page color plate section (between pages 360 and 361)
Michael McManus is Professor at the Institute of Molecular Biosciences at Massey University, New Zealand. He is also an Editorial Board Member of Annual Plant Reviews.

M. T. McManus, Institute of Molecular BioSciences, Massey University, New Zealand