6 Contents
Two Eyes – One Image . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Zoom Microscopes: Experts for Large Fields. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
There Is More than Light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Confocal Microscopes Deliver Optical Sections . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Electron Microscopes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
X-ray Microscopes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
PART II
A DEEPER LOOK INTO A LIGHT MICROSCOPE. . . . . 31
Chapter 4
Components of Light Microscopes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Chapter 5
Types of Objectives. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Objective Lenses and Color Correction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Oil or Water? Increasing the Resolution. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
The Thickness of the Coverslip Glass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Planar Objectives Provide Flat Images. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Markings on the Objective that Reveal Secrets. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Chapter 6
Illumination. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Köhler Knows How to Adjust Your Illumination . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Illumination and the Microscope Optical Train. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
Condensers Help to Adjust the Illumination. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
The Sample Decides the Illumination Beam Path. . . . . . . . . . . . 41
Transmitted Light Microscopy for Transparent
Samples. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
Reflected Light Microscopy for Opaque Samples
and Fluorescence. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
Let There Be Light – A Glance at Microscope Light Sources. . . 42
Stay Traditional with Halogen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
Fluorescence Microscopy Is Sensitive in its Favorite
Light Source . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
LED Light Sources Are a Major Advance for
Fluorescence Microscopy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
Mercury Arc (HBO) Lamps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
Xenon Arc (XBO) Lamps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Metal Halide (HXP) Lamps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44